Martial, whose full Latin name is Marcus Valerius Martialis, was a Roman poet who perfected the Latin epigram, provided a recipe for happiness in life, and highlighted the hypocrisies of human nature. Martial was born on March 1, AD 38–41 in Bilbilis, Hispania [Spain] to a middle class family, but received a traditional literary education. He gradually climbed up the social ladder through establishing connections with high ranking Spaniard officials, most notably being the Senecas before AD 65.
When Martial came to Rome, he lived humbly on Quirinal Hill, one of Rome’s seven hills. As Martial continued to gain recognition, however, he expanded his estates and also received incredible benefits from the emperor Titus and Comitian. He was awarded the ius trium liberorum which granted him many privileges, like exemption from tariffs. Additionally, he received marital distinction even though he was not married. He was also awarded military tribuneship which reduced his time of military service and provided him the benefits of an eques (knight) without actually attaining that title.
Martial continued to gain acknowledgement by his various patrons who would give Martial “dole” of “100 wretched farthings.” Many of these wealthy Romans wanted to gain Martial’s favorable statements or did not want to receive unfavorable statements in his epigram.
Towards AD 80, Martial first published Liber Spectaculorum which was a small collection of 33 epigrams written in celebration for the building of the Colosseum. These poems heavily flattered the emperors involved in the building of the Colosseum, Vespasion and, notably, Titus. For the next 16 years, Martial continued to publish many different books of epigrams in both Spain and Rome. His final book, numbered XII, was probably published during AD 102, and he about a year later in his 60’s.
In total, Martial wrote 1,561 epigrams, many of which are currently quoted and influence the literature of England, France, Spain, and Italy. Some of his poems flattered his friends and patrons, but many also emphasize human hypocrisy and envy. His famous epigram on the essence of happiness can even be applied to the basis of happiness today! A few lines from his poems are:
“Contented with thine own estate;
Neither wish death, nor fear his might.”
Martial, The Happy Life
He describes the key to happiness is being content with one's own mind and being. This is just applicable as today in which we often forget to take care of ourselves and be present with both our bodies and the environment around us. Additionally, he describes that one should not wish for death but also not fear death either. Once again, this notion values being present and not having fear for the uncertain future. During these times especially, it is incredibly important to take care of one's body by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and also keep a balanced mind. With Thanksgiving nearing, learn from our past poets and philosophers and be thankful for both ourselves and also your families. While Romans typically don’t celebrate Thanksgiving, the pursuit of happiness is an universal action that unites people from across the planet!
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